Great Swamp Fight Memorial, West Kingstown RI
The Great Swamp at South Kingston, Rhode Island, was the site of the last stand of the Narragansett Indians in King Philip's War against the Colonists. In the bloody engagement which took place there on Sunday, December 19, 1675, troops from the Confederation of the United Colonies of New England including Massachusetts Bay, Plymouth, and Connecticut and Rhode Island took part and because of the numbers participating, killed and wounded, the battle had been unequalled in New England up to that time. As a result of the battle, the military strength and resources of the most powerful Indian tribe in New England were broken forever.
Sustainance from the Salt Waters
Pokanoket Culture
Tuesday, March 12, 2013
Monday, March 11, 2013
Wednesday, March 6, 2013
Beware the Ides of March Copyright (c) Phil Konstantin (1996-2012)
9:19 AM (2 hours ago)
 | | |||
Beware the Ides of March
Copyright (c) Phil Konstantin (1996-2012)
March 1st
1831: According to a Georgia law, today is the deadline for all whites
to be out of CHEROKEE lands deadline.
1851: Today, Governor McDougal, of California, will write to the
President stating there are over 100,000 hostile Indians in California.
He will inform the President that an uprising is going on. This
information is false, and the Governor never specifies who's revolting
or where the uprising are located. He requests permission to call out
the militia as U.S. troops.
1856: A big "peace" conference is begun today by General William S.
"White Whiskers" Harney.
March 2nd
1867: An act is passed today which will purchase a reserve for SAUK and
FOX of 4.5 square miles.
1876: The Secretary of War is impeached for taking bribes to make
political appointments.
1989: The NAVAJO Code Talker Monument is erected.
March 3rd
1819: The United States starts its Indian "civilization" program.
1513: Today, Ponce de Leon will leave Puerto Rico. His destination is
Florida and the fountain of youth. De Leon will claim Florida for Spain.
1988: The Alaska Ntive Claims Act is amended.
March 4th
1643: Today, the CANARSEE Indians will negotiate a peace with the Dutch
in Fort Amsterdam. The CANARSEE are the Indians who sold Manhattan to
Peter Minuit for $24 in trinkets, even though they did not own it.
1829: President Jackson gives his "just policy for Indians" speech
today.
March 5th
1831: Today the Supreme Court decided the case of the CHEROKEE Nation v.
Georgia. The court decided that the CHEROKEEs are not a "foreign state",
and therefore the court has no jurisdiction in the dispute. However, the
court does decide that the CHEROKEEs are a distinct political society
capable of governing itself, and managing its own affairs. (See March 3,
1832)
1861: The Confederacy appoints, today, Albert Pike, of Arkansas, to
negotiate treaties with the Indians in the region. He will establish the
"United Nations of the Indian Territory" as an Indian confederacy to
oppose the government of Abraham Lincoln.
1891: The city of Phoenix offers a $200 bounty for dead Indians.
March 6th
1777: Today, 70 SHAWNEE warriors, led by Chief Blackfish, will attack
some settlers near Harrodsburg, Kentucky. One of the men, James Ray,
managed to escape and warn the settlement of the war party. The SHAWNEE
will attack Harrodsburg tomorrow.
1873: After hearing from Hooker Jim of the "trap" at the Fairchild
ranch, Captain Jack has his sister Mary Write a letter to the
commissioners. The letter states Captain Jack's wish for both sides to
forget the killings on both sides and for the slate to be wiped clean.
Captain Jack wants no more killing, but he will not give up his people
to be hanged. He states he has not asked for the whites who have killed
his people (MODOCs).
March 7th
1524: Giovanni da Verrazano, sailing for France, anchors near
Wilmington, North Carolina, in the "Dauphine".
1782: Monrovian missionaries had converted many DELAWARE, MAHICAN, and
MUNSEE Indians to Christianity. They had established villages in
Pennsylvania in 1746, but moved to the Muskingum River in Ohio in 1773
after their old villages were attacked by other Indian tribes.
Unfortunately, at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary war, the
"Moravian" Indians found themselves directly between American and
British forces, and their allies. Both sides believe they "Moravians"
were helping the other. Today, Col.David Williamson, and American
soldiers from Pennsylvania, surrounded the peaceful village of
Gnadenhutten (the 2nd village of the name, the 1st had been in
Pennsylvania), and herded the occupants into 2 houses. While some of the
militia refused to participate, the majority of the soldiers decided to
kill all of the "Moravians." After allowing them to have a final prayer,
the soldiers killed the 96 Indian men, women, and children in cold
blood. (Some sources say this happened on the 8th.)
1862: The Battle of Pea Ridge takes place through tomorrow. Many Indians
will be fighting on both sides of the Civil War battle. My Great, great,
grandfather John Bell Adair was one of the Cherokees involved in this
battle.
You can see his picture by clicking here
March 8th
1865: The WINNEBAGO sign a treaty reagrding the Omaha reservation.
1880: Company K, 5th Mounted Infantry, from Fort Keogh, in east-central
Montana, has been pursuing a band of Indians with stolen horses for 60
miles. They manage to cut the Indians off, and capture 13 horses, and 16
mules, north of the Yellowstone River.
March 9th
1728: The YAMASSEE have left their old lands in South Carolina, and
moved to Florida. Many are now living near the Spanish Mission of Nombre
de Dios near St. Augustine. Their anger at the Carolinians has not
abated; and, they continue raiding the British settlements. Today, a
force of 250 volunteers from Carolina, under Colonel John Parker, attack
the mission. Thirty warriors will be killed, and many YAMASSEE will be
taken as slaves.
1935: Officers of tribes are now considered U.S. Officers
March 10th
1865: The PONCA sign a treaty regarding 30,000 acres of land (14
stat.675).
1930: Today, under authority of an act passed by Congress (24 stat.
388-89) on February 8, 1887, an executive order will be issued which
will extend the trust period on land allotments made to members of the
"PRAIRIE Band of POTAWATOMI Indians in Kansas."
March 11th
1824: John C.Calhoun, Secretary of War, creates the Bureau of Indian
Affairs, within the War Department. Thomas McKenney is appointed its'
first head.
1856: The NEZ PERCE join Col.Cornelius for a fight against the YAKIMA.
March 12th
1848: Throughout his life, CHEROKEE Chief Tahchee, also known as Captain
William Dutch, was known as a fearless warrior. Tahchee was one of the
original groups of CHEROKEEs to move west of the Mississippi river. He
became a major political force in the "old settler party". He fought
many fights with the OSAGE Indians who leaved near the CHEROKEEs.
Eventually, he would become a scout for the U.S. Army, where he reached
the rank of Captain. Tahchee will die today in Indian Territory.
1858: The PONCAs sign a treaty (12 stat.997) on this date which grants
them a permanent home on the Niobrara River, and protection from their
enemies, both white and Indians. For these privileges, the PONCAs give
up a part of their ancestral lands. Unfortunately, several years later,
a mistake by a government bureaucrat will force them to share land with
the SIOUX. Repeated protestations over this error will go unheard. The
PONCAs would live in constant fears of attacks from the SIOUX.
March 13th
1862: A treaty is concluded today between the United States and the
KANSA Indians.
1864: The first group of NAVAJOs finish the "Long Walk" to Fort Sumner
on the Bosque Redondo Reservation, in east-central New Mexico, on this
date. During their march, 13 of the 1,430 who started the trip will be
kidnapped by Mexicans or will die.
1970: Today, a legal inquiry into the boundaries of the Fort Berthold
Indian Reservation in North Dakota are made.
March 14th
1493: Columbus writes a letter today describing the generous nature of
the Indians he has encountered. He will describe them as "men of great
deference and kindness."
1833: The Secretary of War has the Indian Department issue orders,
again, to U.S. Marshals to remove whites from CREEK lands.
March 15th
1858: After fighting the Americans for almost 25 years, today one of the
last of the SEMINOLE leaders, Billy Bowlegs, will be surrender with 163
of his followers. They will be shipped west.
1869: Today, Col.George Custer, and his troops will discover 2 CHEYENNE
villages, of over 250 lodges, on Sweetwater Creek near the
Texas-Oklahoma boundary. The CHEYENNE had been order to report to their
reservation. Custer captures 4 Chiefs. He threatens to hang the Chief
unless the CHEYENNE surrender. Both of the villages decide to give up.
March 16th
1621: Samoset meets the Pilgrims.
1830: After some "politicking", Greenwood le Flore is elected as Chief
of the CHOCTAW Nation, during a "rump" council, today. Previously, there
were 3 regional Chiefs. Le Flore is in favor of selling the CHOCTAW
lands, and moving to Indian Territory.
March 17th
1775: The "Sycamore Shoals" Treaty: the Transylvania Company, headed by
North Carolina Judge Richard Henderson, will purchase most of western
and central Kentucky, and north central Tennessee from the CHEROKEEs.
They will trade $10,000 worth of trade goods and $2,000 for this very
large parcel. The CHEROKEEs will be represented by Chiefs Attakullaculla
and Oconostota. The treaty will be revoked by the governments of
Virginia and North Carolina as far as a private company owning the land.
However, the treaty will be used by the governments as a claim on
CHEROKEE lands.
1854: KICKAPOO Indians have determined that 2 men of their tribe,
Thunder (Piawataka), and Polecat (Chekaquah), killed Colonel Jesse Stem
on February 12, 1854. Thunder is captured by the KICKAPOOs. While they
are taking him to a nearby fort, a fight breaks out, and Thunder is
killed (see March 29).
March 18th
1871: Indians make several sorties on a government wagon trail, near
Fort Dodge, in southwestern Kansas. Three citizens are killed, while 5
Indians are wounded in the fighting.
1877: More Indians visit Col.Nelson Miles, the see if he will negotiate
on surrender terms. Miles informs the large group of Chiefs, his terms
have not changed, with the exception that they can surrender at an
alternative agency than originally stated. Miles also informs them he
will wait no longer for a reply. If the Indians do not surrender soon,
his troops will be deployed against them soon. Little Hawk, Crazy
Horse's uncle agrees to bring the Indians into Miles' camp or one of the
agencies. Nine important Indians remain with Miles as hostages, as a
sign of good faith.
March 19th
1840: The Southern CHEYENNE hold several white prisoners. They request a
meeting to discuss peace, and to trade prisoners. Today, 65 COMANCHEs,
including Muguara, and 11 other Chiefs, bring 1 prisoner, Matilda
Lockhart, to the San Antonio council house. They tell the white
representatives, Hugh McCloud (Adjutant General of the Texas Army),
William Cooke, and William Fisher, that each prisoner must be released
through an additional meeting. Lockhart was mutilated, while in COMANCHE
hands, and this incenses the whites. Armed men surround the Indians, and
tell them they will be hostages until all white prisoners are released.
A fight erupts, and 7 whites, and 33 COMANCHEs, including all of the
Chiefs, are killed. The other COMANCHEs are captured, but the story gets
back to their tribe.
1851: According to the COSTAN internet site, one in a series of treaties
with California Indians will be signed today at Camp Fremont. These
treaties will purport to set aisde lands for the Indians and to protect
them from angry whites.
March 20th
1699: Continuing his exploration up the Mississippi River, today, French
explorer Lemoyne d'Iberville will visit the village of the HOUMA
Indians.
1864: 800 NAVAJOs, mostly women, children and old men, begin the 300
mile march to Fort Sumner and the Bosque Redondo Reservation, in
east-central New Mexico. The group would pick up 146 additional NAVAJOs
during the march. A powerful snow storm strikes the ill-equipped
marchers during the trip. By the time they reach the new reservation,
110 NAVAJOs will have perished.
March 21st
1841: According to government documents, 220 "TALLAHASSEE SEMINOLE"
prisoners will board a boat in Tampa Bay, today. They are being sent to
the Indian Territory. Fifteen of the Indians will die in transit.
1883: CHIRICAHUA APACHEs are raiding American locations then returning
to Mexico. On this date, Chato, Bonito and Chihuahua raid a mining town
near Tombstone. This is just the pretext General George Crook needs to
mount a raid into Mexico to find the APACHEs.
March 22nd
1621: Massasoit, Quadequina, Samoset (a PEMAQUID), Squanto, and 60
warriors visit the Plymouth colony with great ceremony. They will freely
give lands to the pilgrims. According to some calendars, this will
happen on April 2nd.
1764: A slave held by the English flees and take refuge with the TUNICA
Indians. The English set up a small expedition to retrieve the slave.
Today, TUNICA, OFO, AVOYEL, and some CHOCTAW Indians attack a group of
small boats carrying the English. Six of the English are killed, and
they abandon their attempt.
March 23rd
1730: Today in Keowee, western North Carolina, Sir Alexander Cuming will
hold a conference with 300 CHEROKEE Chiefs. Using threats and gifts,
Cuming will get the CHEROKEEs to agree to acknowledge King George II of
England as their sovereign.
1889: President Harrison says part of Oklahoma will be opened to the
public.
March 24th
1617: King James I, of England, decides the Indians of Virginia must be
educated. Today he directs the Anglican church to collect funds to build
churches and schools.
1880: Three Dozen SIOUX make off with 30 horses belonging to CROW Indian
scouts, at Fort Custer, in south-central Montana. Captain John Mix, and
44 soldiers from Troop C, Second Cavalry, cover 65 miles in 11 hours to
catch the SIOUX. During a skirmish, 16 of the stolen horses are
recovered.
March 25th
1713: European and Indian forces under general James Moore, son of South
Carolina Governor James Moore, have been attacking the TUSCARORA fort of
Nohoroco, North Carolina, for several days. Today, they will finally
capture the fort. During the fighting, 192 TUSCARORAs will be killed,
and almost 400 will be taken prisoner. After this defeat, the TUSCARORAs
will not be a significant force in North Carolina.
1899: Chief Moses, Chief of the Middle Oregon Tribes for the last 40
years, dies today. He will be buried in Colville Agency near Nespelem.
1916: Ishi ("the last of his tribe")dies.
March 26th
1682: Today, on the Mississippi River, la Salle first meets the NATCHEZ
Indians. This will be the first recorded meeting of Europeans with the
NATCHEZ. Fellow explorer Henri de Tonti will be the first to meet them.
1973: A Native American mass will be held in New York City at Saint John
the Divine Cathedral. Almost 4,000 people will attend.
March 27th
1814: East of modern-day Alexander City, Alabama, Andrew Jackson, and
2000 whites, CHEROKEEs, CHOCTAWs and "White Stick" CREEKs, discover a
fort built at the village of Tohopeka on a Horseshoe Bend in the
Tallapoosa River, by "Red Stick" CREEKs. The Red Sticks are anti-white,
the White Stick CREEKs are pro-white. Today, Jackson will attack the 800
to 1,000 Red Sticks, led by Chief Menewa. The CREEK village and defenses
covered approximately 100 acres on the peninsula made by the bend in the
river. To cross the river, Jackson's CHEROKEE allies, led by Chief
Junaluska, will swim the river to steal CREEK canoes. Jackson's forces
would eventually set fire to the Red Sticks' wooden barricade. In the
end, only about 50 of the Red Sticks will survive the battle. Jackson's
forces will lose 49 soldiers and 23 warriors killed, and 157 soldiers
and 47 warriors wounded. Jackson's forces would capture approximately
300 women and children. The Red Stick leader William Weatherford was not
at the battle. Weatherford would turn himself in later. This defeat
would lead to the Treaty of Horseshoe Bend signed on August 9, 1814,
whereby the CREEKs gave up 23 million acres of land to the United
States.
1973: Sacheen Littlefeather refuses Marlon Brando's Oscar as a protest
against media and governmental mistreatment of American Indians.
March 28th
1513: According to some sources, Ponce de Leon lands in Florida. It is
also recorded as April 2nd and May 2nd.
1953: Jim Thorpe dies.
1957: A court rules today that Montana State Courts "are without
jurisdiction to try an Indian for the crime of larceny committed
somewhere within the external boundaries of the BLACKFEET Indian
Reservation, although conceivably the offense could have been committed
within the town of Browning, Montana located on the reservation."
March 29th
1676: As a part of King Philip's War, a band of NARRAGANSET Indians will
attack providence, Rhode Island, today. All but one of the settlers will
retreat to the garrison. The remaining settler will be killed. Many of
the other structures in the village will be burned to the ground.
1797: The MOHAWK treaty is signed at Albany today by 5 Indians,
including Joseph Brandt. All of their lands in New York are ceded for
$1000.
March 30th
1802: The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act today.
1854: Indians successfully attack, and defeat a company of dragoons at
Cieneguilla, New Mexico.
March 31st
1793: Moses Cockrell, and a few whites, are leading pack animals across
Powell's Mountain. Today, they will be attacked by CHICKAMAUGA Chief
Captain Bench, and his followers. All of the Europeans will be killed
except Cockrell, who will escape after out running Bench.
1877: In Arizona, parts of the White Mountain - San Carlos Reservation
will be restored to public domain.
Copyright (c) Phil Konstantin (1996-2012)
March 1st
1831: According to a Georgia law, today is the deadline for all whites
to be out of CHEROKEE lands deadline.
1851: Today, Governor McDougal, of California, will write to the
President stating there are over 100,000 hostile Indians in California.
He will inform the President that an uprising is going on. This
information is false, and the Governor never specifies who's revolting
or where the uprising are located. He requests permission to call out
the militia as U.S. troops.
1856: A big "peace" conference is begun today by General William S.
"White Whiskers" Harney.
March 2nd
1867: An act is passed today which will purchase a reserve for SAUK and
FOX of 4.5 square miles.
1876: The Secretary of War is impeached for taking bribes to make
political appointments.
1989: The NAVAJO Code Talker Monument is erected.
March 3rd
1819: The United States starts its Indian "civilization" program.
1513: Today, Ponce de Leon will leave Puerto Rico. His destination is
Florida and the fountain of youth. De Leon will claim Florida for Spain.
1988: The Alaska Ntive Claims Act is amended.
March 4th
1643: Today, the CANARSEE Indians will negotiate a peace with the Dutch
in Fort Amsterdam. The CANARSEE are the Indians who sold Manhattan to
Peter Minuit for $24 in trinkets, even though they did not own it.
1829: President Jackson gives his "just policy for Indians" speech
today.
March 5th
1831: Today the Supreme Court decided the case of the CHEROKEE Nation v.
Georgia. The court decided that the CHEROKEEs are not a "foreign state",
and therefore the court has no jurisdiction in the dispute. However, the
court does decide that the CHEROKEEs are a distinct political society
capable of governing itself, and managing its own affairs. (See March 3,
1832)
1861: The Confederacy appoints, today, Albert Pike, of Arkansas, to
negotiate treaties with the Indians in the region. He will establish the
"United Nations of the Indian Territory" as an Indian confederacy to
oppose the government of Abraham Lincoln.
1891: The city of Phoenix offers a $200 bounty for dead Indians.
March 6th
1777: Today, 70 SHAWNEE warriors, led by Chief Blackfish, will attack
some settlers near Harrodsburg, Kentucky. One of the men, James Ray,
managed to escape and warn the settlement of the war party. The SHAWNEE
will attack Harrodsburg tomorrow.
1873: After hearing from Hooker Jim of the "trap" at the Fairchild
ranch, Captain Jack has his sister Mary Write a letter to the
commissioners. The letter states Captain Jack's wish for both sides to
forget the killings on both sides and for the slate to be wiped clean.
Captain Jack wants no more killing, but he will not give up his people
to be hanged. He states he has not asked for the whites who have killed
his people (MODOCs).
March 7th
1524: Giovanni da Verrazano, sailing for France, anchors near
Wilmington, North Carolina, in the "Dauphine".
1782: Monrovian missionaries had converted many DELAWARE, MAHICAN, and
MUNSEE Indians to Christianity. They had established villages in
Pennsylvania in 1746, but moved to the Muskingum River in Ohio in 1773
after their old villages were attacked by other Indian tribes.
Unfortunately, at the outbreak of the American Revolutionary war, the
"Moravian" Indians found themselves directly between American and
British forces, and their allies. Both sides believe they "Moravians"
were helping the other. Today, Col.David Williamson, and American
soldiers from Pennsylvania, surrounded the peaceful village of
Gnadenhutten (the 2nd village of the name, the 1st had been in
Pennsylvania), and herded the occupants into 2 houses. While some of the
militia refused to participate, the majority of the soldiers decided to
kill all of the "Moravians." After allowing them to have a final prayer,
the soldiers killed the 96 Indian men, women, and children in cold
blood. (Some sources say this happened on the 8th.)
1862: The Battle of Pea Ridge takes place through tomorrow. Many Indians
will be fighting on both sides of the Civil War battle. My Great, great,
grandfather John Bell Adair was one of the Cherokees involved in this
battle.
You can see his picture by clicking here
March 8th
1865: The WINNEBAGO sign a treaty reagrding the Omaha reservation.
1880: Company K, 5th Mounted Infantry, from Fort Keogh, in east-central
Montana, has been pursuing a band of Indians with stolen horses for 60
miles. They manage to cut the Indians off, and capture 13 horses, and 16
mules, north of the Yellowstone River.
March 9th
1728: The YAMASSEE have left their old lands in South Carolina, and
moved to Florida. Many are now living near the Spanish Mission of Nombre
de Dios near St. Augustine. Their anger at the Carolinians has not
abated; and, they continue raiding the British settlements. Today, a
force of 250 volunteers from Carolina, under Colonel John Parker, attack
the mission. Thirty warriors will be killed, and many YAMASSEE will be
taken as slaves.
1935: Officers of tribes are now considered U.S. Officers
March 10th
1865: The PONCA sign a treaty regarding 30,000 acres of land (14
stat.675).
1930: Today, under authority of an act passed by Congress (24 stat.
388-89) on February 8, 1887, an executive order will be issued which
will extend the trust period on land allotments made to members of the
"PRAIRIE Band of POTAWATOMI Indians in Kansas."
March 11th
1824: John C.Calhoun, Secretary of War, creates the Bureau of Indian
Affairs, within the War Department. Thomas McKenney is appointed its'
first head.
1856: The NEZ PERCE join Col.Cornelius for a fight against the YAKIMA.
March 12th
1848: Throughout his life, CHEROKEE Chief Tahchee, also known as Captain
William Dutch, was known as a fearless warrior. Tahchee was one of the
original groups of CHEROKEEs to move west of the Mississippi river. He
became a major political force in the "old settler party". He fought
many fights with the OSAGE Indians who leaved near the CHEROKEEs.
Eventually, he would become a scout for the U.S. Army, where he reached
the rank of Captain. Tahchee will die today in Indian Territory.
1858: The PONCAs sign a treaty (12 stat.997) on this date which grants
them a permanent home on the Niobrara River, and protection from their
enemies, both white and Indians. For these privileges, the PONCAs give
up a part of their ancestral lands. Unfortunately, several years later,
a mistake by a government bureaucrat will force them to share land with
the SIOUX. Repeated protestations over this error will go unheard. The
PONCAs would live in constant fears of attacks from the SIOUX.
March 13th
1862: A treaty is concluded today between the United States and the
KANSA Indians.
1864: The first group of NAVAJOs finish the "Long Walk" to Fort Sumner
on the Bosque Redondo Reservation, in east-central New Mexico, on this
date. During their march, 13 of the 1,430 who started the trip will be
kidnapped by Mexicans or will die.
1970: Today, a legal inquiry into the boundaries of the Fort Berthold
Indian Reservation in North Dakota are made.
March 14th
1493: Columbus writes a letter today describing the generous nature of
the Indians he has encountered. He will describe them as "men of great
deference and kindness."
1833: The Secretary of War has the Indian Department issue orders,
again, to U.S. Marshals to remove whites from CREEK lands.
March 15th
1858: After fighting the Americans for almost 25 years, today one of the
last of the SEMINOLE leaders, Billy Bowlegs, will be surrender with 163
of his followers. They will be shipped west.
1869: Today, Col.George Custer, and his troops will discover 2 CHEYENNE
villages, of over 250 lodges, on Sweetwater Creek near the
Texas-Oklahoma boundary. The CHEYENNE had been order to report to their
reservation. Custer captures 4 Chiefs. He threatens to hang the Chief
unless the CHEYENNE surrender. Both of the villages decide to give up.
March 16th
1621: Samoset meets the Pilgrims.
1830: After some "politicking", Greenwood le Flore is elected as Chief
of the CHOCTAW Nation, during a "rump" council, today. Previously, there
were 3 regional Chiefs. Le Flore is in favor of selling the CHOCTAW
lands, and moving to Indian Territory.
March 17th
1775: The "Sycamore Shoals" Treaty: the Transylvania Company, headed by
North Carolina Judge Richard Henderson, will purchase most of western
and central Kentucky, and north central Tennessee from the CHEROKEEs.
They will trade $10,000 worth of trade goods and $2,000 for this very
large parcel. The CHEROKEEs will be represented by Chiefs Attakullaculla
and Oconostota. The treaty will be revoked by the governments of
Virginia and North Carolina as far as a private company owning the land.
However, the treaty will be used by the governments as a claim on
CHEROKEE lands.
1854: KICKAPOO Indians have determined that 2 men of their tribe,
Thunder (Piawataka), and Polecat (Chekaquah), killed Colonel Jesse Stem
on February 12, 1854. Thunder is captured by the KICKAPOOs. While they
are taking him to a nearby fort, a fight breaks out, and Thunder is
killed (see March 29).
March 18th
1871: Indians make several sorties on a government wagon trail, near
Fort Dodge, in southwestern Kansas. Three citizens are killed, while 5
Indians are wounded in the fighting.
1877: More Indians visit Col.Nelson Miles, the see if he will negotiate
on surrender terms. Miles informs the large group of Chiefs, his terms
have not changed, with the exception that they can surrender at an
alternative agency than originally stated. Miles also informs them he
will wait no longer for a reply. If the Indians do not surrender soon,
his troops will be deployed against them soon. Little Hawk, Crazy
Horse's uncle agrees to bring the Indians into Miles' camp or one of the
agencies. Nine important Indians remain with Miles as hostages, as a
sign of good faith.
March 19th
1840: The Southern CHEYENNE hold several white prisoners. They request a
meeting to discuss peace, and to trade prisoners. Today, 65 COMANCHEs,
including Muguara, and 11 other Chiefs, bring 1 prisoner, Matilda
Lockhart, to the San Antonio council house. They tell the white
representatives, Hugh McCloud (Adjutant General of the Texas Army),
William Cooke, and William Fisher, that each prisoner must be released
through an additional meeting. Lockhart was mutilated, while in COMANCHE
hands, and this incenses the whites. Armed men surround the Indians, and
tell them they will be hostages until all white prisoners are released.
A fight erupts, and 7 whites, and 33 COMANCHEs, including all of the
Chiefs, are killed. The other COMANCHEs are captured, but the story gets
back to their tribe.
1851: According to the COSTAN internet site, one in a series of treaties
with California Indians will be signed today at Camp Fremont. These
treaties will purport to set aisde lands for the Indians and to protect
them from angry whites.
March 20th
1699: Continuing his exploration up the Mississippi River, today, French
explorer Lemoyne d'Iberville will visit the village of the HOUMA
Indians.
1864: 800 NAVAJOs, mostly women, children and old men, begin the 300
mile march to Fort Sumner and the Bosque Redondo Reservation, in
east-central New Mexico. The group would pick up 146 additional NAVAJOs
during the march. A powerful snow storm strikes the ill-equipped
marchers during the trip. By the time they reach the new reservation,
110 NAVAJOs will have perished.
March 21st
1841: According to government documents, 220 "TALLAHASSEE SEMINOLE"
prisoners will board a boat in Tampa Bay, today. They are being sent to
the Indian Territory. Fifteen of the Indians will die in transit.
1883: CHIRICAHUA APACHEs are raiding American locations then returning
to Mexico. On this date, Chato, Bonito and Chihuahua raid a mining town
near Tombstone. This is just the pretext General George Crook needs to
mount a raid into Mexico to find the APACHEs.
March 22nd
1621: Massasoit, Quadequina, Samoset (a PEMAQUID), Squanto, and 60
warriors visit the Plymouth colony with great ceremony. They will freely
give lands to the pilgrims. According to some calendars, this will
happen on April 2nd.
1764: A slave held by the English flees and take refuge with the TUNICA
Indians. The English set up a small expedition to retrieve the slave.
Today, TUNICA, OFO, AVOYEL, and some CHOCTAW Indians attack a group of
small boats carrying the English. Six of the English are killed, and
they abandon their attempt.
March 23rd
1730: Today in Keowee, western North Carolina, Sir Alexander Cuming will
hold a conference with 300 CHEROKEE Chiefs. Using threats and gifts,
Cuming will get the CHEROKEEs to agree to acknowledge King George II of
England as their sovereign.
1889: President Harrison says part of Oklahoma will be opened to the
public.
March 24th
1617: King James I, of England, decides the Indians of Virginia must be
educated. Today he directs the Anglican church to collect funds to build
churches and schools.
1880: Three Dozen SIOUX make off with 30 horses belonging to CROW Indian
scouts, at Fort Custer, in south-central Montana. Captain John Mix, and
44 soldiers from Troop C, Second Cavalry, cover 65 miles in 11 hours to
catch the SIOUX. During a skirmish, 16 of the stolen horses are
recovered.
March 25th
1713: European and Indian forces under general James Moore, son of South
Carolina Governor James Moore, have been attacking the TUSCARORA fort of
Nohoroco, North Carolina, for several days. Today, they will finally
capture the fort. During the fighting, 192 TUSCARORAs will be killed,
and almost 400 will be taken prisoner. After this defeat, the TUSCARORAs
will not be a significant force in North Carolina.
1899: Chief Moses, Chief of the Middle Oregon Tribes for the last 40
years, dies today. He will be buried in Colville Agency near Nespelem.
1916: Ishi ("the last of his tribe")dies.
March 26th
1682: Today, on the Mississippi River, la Salle first meets the NATCHEZ
Indians. This will be the first recorded meeting of Europeans with the
NATCHEZ. Fellow explorer Henri de Tonti will be the first to meet them.
1973: A Native American mass will be held in New York City at Saint John
the Divine Cathedral. Almost 4,000 people will attend.
March 27th
1814: East of modern-day Alexander City, Alabama, Andrew Jackson, and
2000 whites, CHEROKEEs, CHOCTAWs and "White Stick" CREEKs, discover a
fort built at the village of Tohopeka on a Horseshoe Bend in the
Tallapoosa River, by "Red Stick" CREEKs. The Red Sticks are anti-white,
the White Stick CREEKs are pro-white. Today, Jackson will attack the 800
to 1,000 Red Sticks, led by Chief Menewa. The CREEK village and defenses
covered approximately 100 acres on the peninsula made by the bend in the
river. To cross the river, Jackson's CHEROKEE allies, led by Chief
Junaluska, will swim the river to steal CREEK canoes. Jackson's forces
would eventually set fire to the Red Sticks' wooden barricade. In the
end, only about 50 of the Red Sticks will survive the battle. Jackson's
forces will lose 49 soldiers and 23 warriors killed, and 157 soldiers
and 47 warriors wounded. Jackson's forces would capture approximately
300 women and children. The Red Stick leader William Weatherford was not
at the battle. Weatherford would turn himself in later. This defeat
would lead to the Treaty of Horseshoe Bend signed on August 9, 1814,
whereby the CREEKs gave up 23 million acres of land to the United
States.
1973: Sacheen Littlefeather refuses Marlon Brando's Oscar as a protest
against media and governmental mistreatment of American Indians.
March 28th
1513: According to some sources, Ponce de Leon lands in Florida. It is
also recorded as April 2nd and May 2nd.
1953: Jim Thorpe dies.
1957: A court rules today that Montana State Courts "are without
jurisdiction to try an Indian for the crime of larceny committed
somewhere within the external boundaries of the BLACKFEET Indian
Reservation, although conceivably the offense could have been committed
within the town of Browning, Montana located on the reservation."
March 29th
1676: As a part of King Philip's War, a band of NARRAGANSET Indians will
attack providence, Rhode Island, today. All but one of the settlers will
retreat to the garrison. The remaining settler will be killed. Many of
the other structures in the village will be burned to the ground.
1797: The MOHAWK treaty is signed at Albany today by 5 Indians,
including Joseph Brandt. All of their lands in New York are ceded for
$1000.
March 30th
1802: The Indian Trade and Intercourse Act today.
1854: Indians successfully attack, and defeat a company of dragoons at
Cieneguilla, New Mexico.
March 31st
1793: Moses Cockrell, and a few whites, are leading pack animals across
Powell's Mountain. Today, they will be attacked by CHICKAMAUGA Chief
Captain Bench, and his followers. All of the Europeans will be killed
except Cockrell, who will escape after out running Bench.
1877: In Arizona, parts of the White Mountain - San Carlos Reservation
will be restored to public domain.
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